Attributed to Thiruvalluvar, who probably lived during the 2 nd or 3 rd century A.D., the Kural (as it is often referred) occupies a leading place amongst the wisdom literatures of the world. A couplet consists of seven, There are claims and counter claims as to the authorship of the book and to the exact number of couplets written by, . • True friends guard you from evil, make you walk in right path and share your sorrow in difficult times. The Thirukkural expounds on various aspects of life and is one of the most important works in the Tamil language. It has been translated to various other languages. User Review - Flag as inappropriate. Along with his own English prose translation, his publication contained the original Tamil text, the Tamil commentary by Parimelazhagar and Ramanuja Kavirayar's amplification of the commentary. For example, Thirukkural is a cir formed by combining the two words Thiru and Kural, i.e. Hence, though laborious, farming is the foremost activity. According to the LIFCO Tamil-Tamil-English dictionary, the Tamil word Kural means Venpa verse with two lines. Thiru + Kural = Thirukkural. The significance of this is that the greatness of a work is realized on the basis of not the weight of its manuscript (written on Palm leaves) but the divine qualities of the work which forced the plank to stay afloat. What’s grace, or lack of grace? [3] The book is considered to precede Manimekalai and Silapathikaram since they both acknowledge the Kural text. Trilingual version with Tamil original and Malay and English versions translated by the translator. The Tamil classic, Thirukkural (Sacred Couplets), has been translated into many major languages of the world. Viewing the Kural in all languages. What’s a grace, or lack of grace? What is compassion but refraining from killing; what is sin but eating flesh? • Avoid an act which you may repent later; If done by mistake, better not to repeat it. • Stuart Blackburn (2000). [6][7][8][9] In 1840, William Henry Drew translated the first book of the Tirukkural in prose. Of those done in verse, G. U. Pope’s verses are in varying metres, Rev. 34 (2): 449–482. Attributed to Thiruvalluvar, who probably lived between the 3 rd and 6 th Reprinted in 1999. English translations in prose and verse by eminent scholars have appeared in print. His commentary (Urai) give us an idea of the amount of information contained in each and every kural. If you ask what charity is and what is not, they are non-killing and killing respectively; eating that (slaughtered) meat is unrighteousness (sin). A, as its first of letters, every speech maintains; The "Primal Deity" is first through all the world's domains. In his Foreword to the book Thirukkural, translated in English by Rev.G.U. • The learned teacher makes you enjoy learning; On leaving, makes you to keep thinking of his teaching. Persons who are determined not to overlook moral disciplines will not take meat obtained by killing other species. The Tamil classic, Thirukkural (Sacred Couplets), has been translated into many major languages of the world. Thirukural English Translation and Commentary - by Rev Dr G U Pope, Rev W H Drew, Rev John Lazarus and Mr F W Ellis ] Introduction - … G.U Pope’s translation is very widely known. Dr. Gu Pope. Each chapter has a specific subject ranging from ploughing a piece of land to ruling a country. It has been translated to various other languages. Foreign writers who translated it into English and other European languages said it is like the Bible for the Tamils. is a collection of 1330 Tamil couplets organised into 133 chapters. Thirukkural in Tamil with meaning in English and Tamil. Tamil Wisdom, by Edward Jewitt Robinson, 1873. For example,Thirukkural is a cir formed by combining the two words Thiru and Kural, i.e. While Gover translated only select couplets, Robinson translated the first two books of the Kural text. Thirukkural (or the Kural) is a collection of 1330 Tamil couplets organised into 133 chapters. The killing of animals is veritable hardness of heart; but the eating of their flesh is inequity indeed. Those who are free from blame and have the clear vision will not eat the meat of animals which have lost their life or which are slaughtered. • Water will flow from a well in the sand in proportion to the depth to which it is dug, and knowledge will flow from a man in proportion to his learning. Thirukkural is also translated into the Vakpoli language spoken by Nerikurvar. "Corruption and Redemption: The Legend of Valluvar and Tamil Literary History". The Kural text, considered to have been written in the 1st century BCE, remained unknown to the outside world for close to one and a half millennia. The Latin translation of Thirukkural made by Constanzo Beschi in 1730 did much to make known to European intellectuals the richness and beauty of Oriental Tamil literature. It is truly an apple of gold in the network of silver." [7] The 133 chapters are grouped into three sections:[7][8], Aram containes 380 verses, Porul with 700 and Inbam with 250. Translated into at least 82 languages (as of 2014), Tirukkural is one of the most widely translated non-religious work in the world. The conceited scholars at Madurai, insisted on measuring the greatness of the work through a test where the manuscript would be placed with other works on a plank kept afloat in the tank of the Meenakshi temple and it was to be seen if the plank remained afloat. [10], The first English translation by a native scholar (i.e., scholar who is a native speaker of Tamil) was made in 1915 by T. Tirunavukkarasu, who translated 366 couplets into English. His commentary (Urai) give us an idea of the amount of information contained in each and every kural. This book called Thirukkural written by Thiruvalluvar about 2000 years ago in Tamil has been translated by Rev.G.U.Pope. ‘To kill’ is this, that ‘not to kill’; Whose souls the vision pure and passionless perceive. • Whatever is thought to be done will be achieved as planned, if the planners possess firmness in execution. ‘To kill’ is this, that ‘not to kill’; To eat dead flesh can never worthy end fulfil. Thirukkural has been translated into English by 40 people. Tirukkural was first translated into Malayalam (titled Tirukkural Basha) by an anonymous writer in 1595 CE. Thus, Drew and Lazarus together made the first complete prose translation of the Tirukkural available in English. What people are saying - Write a review. The wise know that it is a sin to eat the flesh of animals. Although the exact period of its composition is still disputed, scholars agree that it was produced before the 2nd century BC. Thirukkural has been translated into all the major languages of the World. S.M. Thirukural is praised with many names such as: Thirukkural is structured into 133 chapters, each containing 10 couplets, thus a total of 1330 couplets. If you ask, "What is kindness nd what is unkindness? George Uglow Pope translated Thirukkural in English. Anuradha Publications, 2009 - Didactic poetry, Tamil - 288 pages. The German version was published both at London and Leipzig. and Lazarus, J., Thirukural (in verses), Reprint, Madras, 1956, Ellis, F.W., thirukural on virtue (in verse) with commentary, 1812, reprint Madras 1955, Gajapathy Nayagar, A, The rosary of gems of thirukkural, Madras, 1969, Kasturi Srinivasan, Thirukural: an ancient Tamil classic (in couplets), Bombay, 1969, Mathavaiyah, A, Kural in English with commentary in Tamil, Madras, 1925, Michael, S.M., The sacred aphorisms of thiruvalluvar (in verse), Nagarcoil, 1928, Muthuswamy, P, Thirukural in English, Madurai, 1965, Parameswaran Aiyar, T.V., 108 gems from the sacred Kural, Kottayam, 1928, Parameswaran Pillai, V.K., kural, Madras, Pope, G.U, A collection of the English translation of thirukural, Madras, 1959, Popely, H.A., The sacred Kural (selections in verses), Calcutta, 1951, Raja, P, thirukural (in verses), Kumbakonam, 1950, Rajagopalachari, C, kural, the great book of thiruvalluvar, Madras, 1937, 3rd ed, 1973, Ramachandra Dikshithar, V.R., thirukural in English with roman translation, Madras, 1949, Ranganatha Muthaliar, A: thirukural moolamum uraiyum with English translation, Madras, 1933, Thangaswami, T.D, thirukural (selections in verse), Madras, 1954, Thirunavukarasu, Mrs, T., Kural a selection of 366 verses (a gem for each day), Poona, 1916, Vadivel chettiar, K, kural in English with Tamil text and parimelazhakar commentary,(3parts), Madurai, 1972–1980, Vanmikinathan, G, the thirukural - a unique guide to moral, material and spiritual prosperity, trichy, 1969, Yogi Suddanantha Bharathi: Thirukural with English couplets, Madrs, 1968, Yogi Suddanantha Bharathi, thirukural couplets with clear prose rendering, Madras, 1970, Berwick, S.L, Na. Graul might have subsumed the Jains also under the name of the Buddhists (Graul 1865: xi note). English Translation & Commentary (in italics) PART I. VIRTUE 1.1 Introduction 1.1.1 The Praise of God 1. Benevolence is not to kill, and killing is lack of it. Sankar Raju Naidu, S, thirukural in Hindi, Madras, 1958, Seshadri, K, thirukural in Hindi, Lucknow, 1982, Govindaraj Jain, Kural in verse, first two parts, New delhi, 1942, Jain, B.D, thirukural, thirupananthal, 1961, Khenand Rakar, thirukural, parts 1 and 2, Ajmer, 1924, Rajan Pillai, thirukural, Lucknow, 1976, Venkatakrishnan, M.G, thirukural, Trichy, 1964, , Thirukkural, Osaka, Japan, August 1981, Gundappa, L, thirukural (3 parts), Madras, 1960, Gundappa, L, thirukural dharma bhaga, Bangalore, 1955, Srinivas, P.S, thirukural with original couplets and translations in Kannada, Madurai, 1982, Srikanthaiah, B.M, Kural (selections in verses), bangalore, 1940, Graul, Charles, Kural of thiruvalluvar, Tranquebar, 1866, Veeramamunivar, thirukural (Books I and II), London, 1930, Dr.G.Soosai Ph.D,J.P.,P.P.N,P.K.T.,Thirukkural Kitab Murni Tamil Nadu.,Kuala Lumpur,1978 & 1991, Ismail, Hussein: thirukural sastera kalasik Tamil yang, Kuala Lumpur, 1967, Ramily Bin Thakir thirukural (in verses), Kuala Lumpur, 1964, Azhakathu Kurup, thirukural in verses, Trivandrum, 1875, Balakrishna Nair, G, Kural waith commentary, Part I, Trivandrum, 1963, Chellan Nadar, K, thirukural tharmanaskantam, Parassala, 1962, Damodaran Pillai,P, thirukural manikal, Trivandrum, 1951, Gopalakurup, Vennikulam, thirukural (first 2 parts in verse), Kottayam, 1960, Govinda Pillai, A, thirukural, Trivandrum, Thirukkural Malayalam Vivarthanam Published by DC Books Kottayam Written By S. Ramesan Nair, Kishrod, Dash Ch, thirukuralu-in oriya language, Sampalbur, 1985, Ram Murti Sharma, thirukural dhamma granth of the tamils, Chandigarh, 1983, Umadevi, Wandy Dynowskiev, thiruvalluvar kural, Madras, 1958, Kamala Gurg, thirukural needhi sastra, Jaipur, 1982, Glazov, J.J and Krishnamurthi, A, thirukural, a book on virtu, politics and love, Moscow, 1963, Ibragimov, A., Thirukural in couplets with illustrations, Moscow, 1974, Srirama Desikan, S.N, thirukural in Sanskrit slokas, Madras, 1961, 1968, Ram, S.S, Saurastra thirukural payiram - pitika pragaranam, Madurai, 1980, De Silva, Charles, Sirigiya (thirukural in sinhalese), Colombo, 1964, Sissigamy Govokgada, M, thirukural, Colombo, 1961, Frykholm Ingya, thirukural, Uddavalla, 1971, Jagannatha Sastri, Mudiganthi, thiruvalluva sookthalu, West Godavari, 1952, Lakshminarayana Sastri, Kural, chittoor, 1906, Kohan, Muhamad Yusuf, Kural in Urdu and Arabic, Madras, 1976, Surawathi Hasarat, Kural in Urdu, New Delhi, 1966. The first instance of the author's name mentioned as Thiruvalluvar is found to be several centuries later in a song of praise called, (1814–1864) had already by 1855 characterized the Tirukkural as 'a work of Buddhist hue'. Thirukkural, an ethical treatise has been rendered into European languages. Though the author TIRU VALLUVAR has written a lot of common things acceptable to all the four oriental religions Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism and Sikhism, … Dr. Leonard Fernando, S.J. In English Rev. Thirukkural Thirukkural has been translated into many languages. Pope who had spent many years in Tamil Nadu and translated many Tamil texts into English, which includes Thirukkural, have recognised Thiruvalluvar as a … • Determined efforts result in prosperity; Idleness will bring nothing. Reprints in 1937, 1965, and 1973, Also published a complete prose version in 1970, Reprints in 1976 and 1983 by Kasthuri Sreenivasan Trust (, Reprinted in 1989, 1991, 1992 and 2000 by International Tamil Language Foundation (, Translated more in prose than in verse. Other translations of Thirukkural. It is a historic achievement. With Reverso you can find the English translation, definition or synonym for 'Thirukkural and thousands of other words. Translated only the first two sections, viz. doi:10.1017/S0026749X00003632. Pope's translation can be viewed from the website http://pm.tamil.net/pub/pm0153/trkrlpop.html?q=projectmadurai/pub/pm0153/trkrlpop.html. Tirukkural remains one of the most widely translated non-religious works in the world. This work is widely revered and accepted in many parts of the world. • Agriculturists are the linchpin of the mankind since they support all others who cannot till the soil. A couplet consists of seven cirs, with four cirs on the first line and three on the second. [5] By 2014, there were about 57 versions available in English, of which at least 30 were complete.[12]. Meanwhile, there were two more verse translations made in 1872 and 1873 by Charles E. Gover and Edward Jewitt Robinson, respectively. Not killing a creature is an act of kindness. • As water changes (its nature), from the nature of the soil (in which it flows), so will the character of men resemble that of their associates. In 1856, Karl Graul translated the Kural into German, claiming that Kural is closer to the Christian preaching and offers a model of Tamil worldview. [citation needed], There are claims and counter claims as to the authorship of the book and to the exact number of couplets written by Thiruvalluvar. In this connection it was then of particular interest that Thiruvalluvar, the author of the. To kill is what is called lack of grace. Men of wisdom freed from the error (of delusion) will not eat flesh carved out of a creature. Upon completion, Thiruvalluvar took the work (Thirukkural) to Madurai (Tamil Nadu, India) as per the prevailing practice of reading out new compositions in a public forum where critics and scholars would be present. A person free from the erroneous beliefs and equipped with the right faith will not eat flesh obtained from animal bereft of life. Vedas . Thirukkurala, Fiji, 1964, Geraghty, Paul. [5] John Lazarus, a native missionary, revised Drew's work and completed the remaining portion, beginning from Chapter 64 through Chapter 133. (a) If it is asked what compassion is, it is not killing any living beings; If one is freed from delusion and has the wisdom spotless, Don’t hide behind the butcher’s blade saying, ‘He kills, I only eat’, If you wish, as you should, that your soul be liberated, This page was last edited on 5 December 2020, at 01:03. While majority of the couplets were translated by him, he reproduced or adapted the translations of Rajaji, Kasthuri Srinivasan, V.V.S. Modern Asian Studies. Amongst them are Kindersley, F.W.Ellis, W.H.Drew, C.E.Gover, E.G.Robinson, Rev.G.Lazarus, T.M.Scott and H.A. In English Rev. The Thirukkural expounds on various aspects of life and is one of the most important works in the Tamil language. In 1865, his Latin translation of the Kural text, along with commentaries in Simple Tamil, was posthumously published. [citation needed] Most of the Researchers and great Tamil Scholars like George Uglow Pope or G.U. Popley’s in blank verses (of five feet), K. M. Balasubramaniam’s in heptametric couplets and Robinson’s in tetrametre. [7] While Aram and Inbam discuss about ethical living in private life, Porul deals with public matters.[7]. It is the preservation of life, and its destruction (therefore) it is not right to eat that flesh (from which life has been taken away). Thirukkural was translated … In 1852, he partially completed the second book, too, in prose. Thirukkural (Original in Tamil with English Translation) (Tamil) Hardcover – August 1, 1996 by W. H. Drew (Author), John Lazarus (Author) 5.0 out of 5 stars 2 ratings The following table illustrates two different facets of a subject depicted by two Kural couplets from the same chapter and their different interpretations by various translators. Diaz (2000) did a similar exercise by his objective was not the same. For example, Thirukkural is a cir formed by combining the two words Thiru and Kural, i.e. Men of clear vision abstain from the flesh of a slaughtered animal. THIRUKKURAL ENGLISH COUPLET (ISBN-978-93-88139-60-1) “No one has so far attempted to present the translation of Tirukkural in English language in the way Dr. Loie has done. The word seven is taken in eight couplets / Kurals. A lot of software are available these days for installing Kurals in desktops. Thirukkural comes under one of the four categories of Venpas (Tamil verses) called Kural Venpa. Each chapter has a specific subject ranging from "ploughing a piece of land" to "ruling a country". The wise, who have freed themselves from mental delusion, will not eat the flesh which has been severed from an animal. His commentary (Urai) give us an idea of the amount of information contained in each and every kural. You can complete the translation of 'Thirukkural given by the English-French Collins dictionary with other dictionaries such as: Wikipedia, Lexilogos, … As of 2014, there were at least 57 versions available in the English language alone. Tirukurali, Fiji, 2008, Aalto, Pentit, Kural - the ancient Tamil classic, Finland, 1972, Ariel, M, kural de thiruvalluvar (traduits du tamoul), Paris, 1848, Barrigue de, Fontaineu, G, le livre de l'amour de thiruvalluva, Paris, 1889, Danielou, Alain, thiruvallouvar kural, Pondicherry, 1942, Jacolliot, Louis, kural de thiruvalluvar, selections, Paris, 1767, Lamairesse, M, thirukural in French, Pondicherry, 1867, Gros, François, Le Livre de l'Amour, Gallimard, Collection UNESCO, Paris, 1992, Albrecht, Fenz and K. Lalithambal: thirukural von thiruvalluvar aus dem Tamil, Madurai, 1977, Cammera, A.F, thirukural waith German translation, Leipzig, 1803, Graul, Karl, der kural des thiruvalluvar, London, 1854, Graul, Karl, der tamu lische gnomes dichtar thiruvalluvar, Leipzig, 1865, Rickert, Friederich, thirukural, selections, Berlin, 1847, William and Norgate, Der kural des thiruvalluvar, 2nd ed, London, 1866. As the letter A is the first of all letters, so the eternal God is … A lot of software are available these days for installing Kurals in desktops. One of the earliest commentaries on the Thirukkural was by Parimelazhagar, belonging to the 12th century. [citation needed] Most of the Researchers and great Tamil Scholars like George Uglow Pope or G.U. One can view as per his or her choice. To kill not aught is grace and killing is the lack of grace. The following is a list of translations/commentaries of the Tamil literary classic THIRUKURAL - taken out from the Encyclopaedia of Tamil Literature, vol. An English Translation of Tirukural by GU Pope brought the Tirukkural to the western world in 1886. Published in 689 pages, with new interpretations given for about 360 couplets. Thirukkural (Tamil: திருக்குறள் also known as the Kural) is a classic of couplets or Kurals (1330 rhyming Tamil couplets) or aphorisms [1] celebrated by Tamils. Virtue and Wealth. Authored by the ancient Tamil poet-philosopher Thiruvalluvar, it has been translated into at least 42 world languages, with about 57 different renderings in the English language alone. [4], Thirukkural (or the Kural) is a collection of 1330 Tamil couplets organised into 133 chapters. There are many others who have translated Thirukkural completely or some parts of it. This work is widely revered and accepted in many parts of the world. One of his Co-profound translation is “VISHNU SAHSTRNAM”. Meanwhile, there were two more verse translations made in 1872 and 1873 by Charles E. Gover and Edward Jewitt Robinson, respectively. Thirukural is praised with many names such as:[6], Thirukkural is structured into 133 chapters, each containing 10 couplets, thus a total of 1330 couplets. Thirukkural - With English Translation Of Rev. Tiruvaḷḷuvar. It was partially translated into English verse by Nathaniel Edward Kindersley in 1794. It was translated into French by Monsieur Ariel in 1848. 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